NOTES- XII Chapter 8 - INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure refers to all such services and facilities, which are needed to provide different kinds of services in an economy and which are essential in raising the place of economic growth of a country.
It contributes to economic development of a country both by raising the productivity of factors of production and improving the quality of life of its people.
It provides supporting services in the main areas of industrial and agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade and commerce.
Types of Infrastructure
1. Economic Infrastructure
a. Transport
b. Power
c. Communication
a. Transport
b. Power
c. Communication
d. Financial Institutions etc
2. Social Infrastructure
a. Education
b. Health
c. Housing etc
a. Education
b. Health
c. Housing etc
Difference between Social and Economic Infrastructure
Social Infrastructure
It helps the economic system
from outside(indirectly).
Economic Infrastructure
It helps the economic system
from inside(directly).
Social Infrastructure
It improves quality of human
resource.
Economic Infrastructure
It improves the quality of economic
resource.
For ex-Health,Education and
housing
Economic Infrastructure
For ex- Energy,Transport and
communication
Importance of infrastructure
a. Raises productivity
b. Provides employment
c. Induces foreign investments
d. Raises ability to work
b. Provides employment
c. Induces foreign investments
d. Raises ability to work
e. Facilitates outsourcing
f. Raises economic development
g. Raises size of the market
h. Generates linkages in Production
f. Raises economic development
g. Raises size of the market
h. Generates linkages in Production
The state of infrastructure in India
India invests approximate 5 percent of its GDP on infrastructure, which is far below than that of china and Indonesia.
With government, private sector in partnership with the public sector is also playing a very important role in the infrastructure development.
India needs to develop its infrastructure specially in the area of rural energy requirement, water, basic amenities and sanitation.
Energy: Energy is the lifeline of all production activities. Rapid growth in agriculture and industrial sector is not possible without it.
Sources of Energy
Commercial sources are coal, petroleum and electricity.
Non-commercial sources of energy are firewood agricultural waste and dried dung.
Conventional sources of energy include both commercial and noncommercial sources of energy. Example : national gas, coal, petroleum etc.
Non-conventional sources of energy are renewable resources of energy like biomass, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc.
Power/electricity: The most visible form of energy, which is often identified with progress in modern civilization is power/electricity.
Different Sources of Energy
ThermalHydro and Wind PowerNuclear70%28%2%
Some challenges in the power sector
i. Insufficient installed capacity
ii. Under Utilisation of capacity
iii. Losses incurred by SEBS
iv. Uncertain role of private sector
v. Public unrest
vi. Shortage of raw materials
vii. Transmission and distribution losses.
viii. Operational inefficiency
ii. Under Utilisation of capacity
iii. Losses incurred by SEBS
iv. Uncertain role of private sector
v. Public unrest
vi. Shortage of raw materials
vii. Transmission and distribution losses.
viii. Operational inefficiency
Measures to meet challenges facing the power sector.
a. Reduce transmission and distribution losses.
b. Improve plant load factor
c. Promote the use of CFLs & LEDs to save energy
d. Encourage private sector participation
e. Encouragement to Non-conventional sources of Energy.
f. Bio gas generation programmes.
g. Encouragement to FDI and privatisation in Energy production
b. Improve plant load factor
c. Promote the use of CFLs & LEDs to save energy
d. Encourage private sector participation
e. Encouragement to Non-conventional sources of Energy.
f. Bio gas generation programmes.
g. Encouragement to FDI and privatisation in Energy production
Health: Health is not only absence of disease but also the ability to realise one’s potential. It is a yardstick of one’s well being. Health is the holistic process related to the overall growth and development of the nation.
State of health infrastructure:
a. There has been significant expansion in physical provision of health services and improvements in health indicators since independence, but it is insufficient for rapidly increasing population in India.
b. Public health system and facilities are not sufficient for bulk of the population.
c. There is a wide gap between rural urban areas and between poor and rich in utilising health care facilities
d. Woman’s health across the country has become a matter of great concern with reports of increasing cases of female foeticide and mortality.
e. Regulated private sector health services can improve the situation and at the same time, NGOsand community participation is very important in providing health care facilities and reading health awareness.
f. Indian system of medicine (ISDM) AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha, homoeopathy needs to be explored.
g. At the village level, a variety of hospitals known as Primary Health Centres(PHCs) have been set.
b. Public health system and facilities are not sufficient for bulk of the population.
c. There is a wide gap between rural urban areas and between poor and rich in utilising health care facilities
d. Woman’s health across the country has become a matter of great concern with reports of increasing cases of female foeticide and mortality.
e. Regulated private sector health services can improve the situation and at the same time, NGOsand community participation is very important in providing health care facilities and reading health awareness.
f. Indian system of medicine (ISDM) AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha, homoeopathy needs to be explored.
g. At the village level, a variety of hospitals known as Primary Health Centres(PHCs) have been set.
Global Burden of Disease (GBD)-
Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is an indicator used by the experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to a particular disease. This also includes the number of years spent by them in a state of disability due to various diseases. India bears a frightening 20 % of the GBD. More than half of the GBD is accounted by communicable diseases such as diarrhea, malaria and tuberculosis.
